Oral health is a vital aspect encompassing the well-being of teeth, gums, and the entire oral-facial system, influencing our ability to smile, speak, and chew. Among the prevalent diseases impacting oral health are dental cavities (tooth decay), gum (periodontal) disease, and oral cancer. It’s alarming that more than 40% of adults report experiencing mouth pain within the last year, and over 80% will have encountered at least one cavity by age 34 [1].
What are tooth cavities?
Cavities, seemingly harmless holes in teeth, can escalate into silent threats with severe consequences for oral health. The breakdown of tooth enamel by acids produced by bacteria in plaque leads to their formation, especially along the gumline and on the chewing surfaces of teeth (Figure 1).
Postgraduate Degree in Community Oral Health
Like what you’re learning? Consider enrolling in the Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC’s online, competency-based certificate or master’s program in Community Oral Health.
Figure 1. Diagram of cavities formation affecting the crown and roots. Image credit [2]
The statistics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are sobering:
- Over half of children aged 6 to 8 have experienced a cavity in at least one primary tooth.
- Up to 10% of children aged 2 to 5 have untreated cavities.
- More than half of adolescents aged 12 to 19 have had a cavity in at least one permanent tooth.
- A quarter of adults aged 20 to 64 have untreated cavities.
- More than 90% of adults have had a cavity.
Community water fluoridation and school dental sealant programs emerge as cost-saving, proven strategies to prevent cavities [1].
What causes cavities?
Poor oral hygiene, sugary diets, frequent snacking, and lack of fluoride contribute to cavity formation. Without regular brushing and flossing, plaque formation can escalate into cavities [3].
Figure 2. Clinical photo and periapical radiograph of severe dental cavities.
Cavities, starting as surface imperfections, can delve into deeper tooth layers, reaching bone structures if left untreated (Figure 2). The decay may reach the pulp, causing pain and increasing infection risks. Untreated cavities may lead to abscess formation, posing systemic health risks if the infection spreads and, in rare cases, fatal results [2]. Recently, studies have shown that cavities could increase the risk of a life-threatening stroke from bleeding in the brain [4].
Consuming carbohydrate-rich foods triggers the production of these acids, causing enamel or root surface demineralization. Although cavities are largely preventable, they remain among the most common chronic diseases.
Prevention is the best medicine
- Adopt a robust oral hygiene routine, including twice-daily brushing with fluoride toothpaste.
- Floss daily to remove plaque.
- Attend regular dental check-ups for professional cleanings and early cavity detection [5].
Early intervention is crucial in treating cavities, ranging from dental fillings for minor cases to more extensive procedures like dental crowns or root canal therapy for advanced situations. The goal is to halt decay and restore the tooth’s structure and function [6].
In conclusion, understanding the gravity of cavities and taking proactive measures is crucial for maintaining optimal oral health. By embracing preventive practices and seeking timely treatment, individuals can safeguard against the potential threats posed by these seemingly innocuous dental issues.
Earn an Online Postgraduate Degree in Community Oral Health
Like what you’re learning? Consider enrolling in the Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC’s online, competency-based certificate or master’s program in Community Oral Health.
References
- CDC. (2023, September). Oral Health Conditions.
- Cleveland Clinic. (2023, March). Cavities.
- Mayo Clinic. (2022, March). Cavities (Tooth Decay).
- American Heart Organization.
- NIDCR. (2023, October). Oral Hygiene.
- Paterson, P., Nichols, E. H., Watson, K., & Boyd, D. (2014, January 2). The importance of early intervention in the treatment of dental infection. Dental Update, 41(1), 68-72.
